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The thickness of the polarization direction of high-performance bismuth titanate (BIT) ceramics is often less than 2 mm. Therefore, it is difficult to fabricate piezoelectric vibrators, such as LE vibrators, required by the IEEE piezoelectric standards. As a result, it is difficult to characterize the elastic and piezoelectric constants of BIT ceramics using traditional electrical resonance techniques. The mechanical quality factor of BIT ceramics is very high, reaching about 6000. So, it is suitable to use the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) technique for characterization.

W. Wang, K. Zheng, S. S. Sun, L. Qin, L. G. Tang, Z. L. Li, Characterization of the full matrix constants of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics, Ceramics International, 47, 23518–23527, 2021.